Managing OFF Episodes in Parkinson’s Disease

Laxman Bahroo, DO and Mindy K. Bixby, DO define OFF episodes in Parkinson’s Disease and discuss how they are often unpredictable and variable in their severity.

Key opinion leaders in neurology discuss the safety and efficacy of apomorphine hydrochloride and provide insights into the advantages and disadvantages of its subcutaneous formulation.

Experts in the management of Parkinson’s Disease OFF episodes provide insight into the sublingual formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride and discuss differences in its safety and efficacy profiles.

Mindy K. Bixby, DO and Laxman Bahroo, DO compare subcutaneous and sublingual apomorphine hydrochloride and discuss important factors to consider when selecting a formulation.

Experts in Parkinson’s Disease build a discussion on the use of levodopa inhalation powder for the management of OFF time and reflect on patients’ considerations when switching therapies.

Expert neurologists consider the advantages and disadvantages of oral agents for OFF time in Parkinson’s Disease such as opicapone, extended-release amantadine, and istradefylline.

Laxman Bahroo, DO and Mindy K. Bixby, DO provide insight into factors to consider for patients with challenging off time including surgical and device-assisted therapeutic options.

Leaders in neurology discuss the development of infusion formulations of apomorphine and levodopa/carbidopa as well as oral agents with novel mechanisms of extended-release delivery.

Key opinion leaders in Parkinson’s Disease discuss the importance of improving quality of life and access to care when managing OFF episodes for patients during COVID-19.

Mindy K. Bixby, DO and Laxman Bahroo, DO give key advice to community neurologists and emphasize the importance of effective communication between patients and providers.