Killian Meara

 that they will be adding a warning to the Johnson & Johnson 

 vaccine label that will state a link to a rare adverse event, the autoimmune condition called Guillain-Barré syndrome.

, a company based in Belgium that is owned by Johnson & Johnson. In a statement, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that there have been 100 preliminary reports of the syndrome after administration of the Janssen vaccine. The events have been reported largely around 2 weeks after vaccination, mostly in men, of which the majority were aged 50 years or older.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rapid-onset of muscle weakness that is caused by the immune system attacking nerves. The condition usually occurs at a rate of around 60 to 120 cases per week, and the cause is not fully understood.

While most people who develop the syndrome fully recover, some individuals have permanent nerve damage, with people over 50 years of age being at the greatest risk. Although, officials are expected to state that the benefits of the vaccine still clearly outweigh the potential risks.

The CDC stated that the cases of Guillain-Barré will be discussed as part of an upcoming meeting of advisers.

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Since vaccine administration, the CDC has announced 100 preliminary cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome. 

FDA to Add Warning Related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome on Johnson & Johnson Vaccine

Recent study data out of an independent biomedical research and treatment center called City of Hope suggest that 

, a gene implicated in an increased risk for Alzheimer disease, may also increase an individual’s susceptibility to COVID-19, as well as increased severity of the infection.

The results from the research were published in the journal 

. The findings suggest that, when compared to the 

 cells showed a significantly higher susceptibility to COVID-19 and more damage inflicted on their neurons and astrocytes.

"Our study provides a causal link between the Alzheimer's disease risk factor ApoE4 and COVID-19 and explains why some (e.g., 

 carriers) but not all COVID-19 patients exhibit neurological manifestations," Yanhong Shi, PhD, director, Division of Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope, and co-corresponding author, said in a statement.2 "Understanding how risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases impact COVID-19 susceptibility and severity will help us to better cope with COVID-19 and its potential long-term effects in different patient populations."

Reflections on COVID-19: What We Know About the Neurologic Symptoms

The study was originally conducted based on an interest in assessing how COVID-19 infection affects the human brain, in part due to the symptoms of the disease, such as loss of smell and taste, might have potential neurological effects. Additionally, the disease has been linked to neurological conditions such as 

Shi and colleagues used iPSCs to create neurons and astrocytes, and then infected both cells with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, revealing that they were susceptible to the disease. Then, using 3D brain tissue models, called organoids, both with and without the astrocytes. This led to the observation that astrocytes actually amplified the infection. “Consistent with our findings in 

 neurons, we observed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of spike+ [SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-positive] cells in 

When measuring astrocyte soma size, the group found that spike+ 

 astrocytes had increased soma size and process length compared to their 

 counterparts. This, Shi et al noted, implied that 

 astrocytes react differently upon SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. As well, the APOE4 astrocytes displayed more fragmented nuclei after viral infection.

The next step in the process is anticipated to be the continuation of the study of the impact that COVID-19 has on the brain to further understand the potential long-term neurological impacts like severe headaches experienced by some months after the initial infection.

"COVID-19 is a complex disease, and we are beginning to understand the risk factors involved in the manifestation of the severe form of the disease," said Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami, PhD, member, UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, and co-corresponding author, in a statement. "Our cell-based study provides a possible explanation as to why individuals with Alzheimer's' disease are at increased risk of developing more severe COVID-19 symptoms."

A version of this story was originally published on 

REFERENCES
1. Wang C, Zhang M, Garcia G, et al. ApoE-Isoform-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism and Cellular Response. 

. 2020.28(2):331-342. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.018.
2. Researchers explore link between 'Alzheimer's gene' and COVID-19. News release. February 3, 2021. Accessed February 5, 2021. eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/coh-rel020321.php

The SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed in pluripotent stem cells, as well as APOE4 and APOE3 neurons and astrocytes.

Killian Meara

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FDA to Add Warning Related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome on Johnson & Johnson Vaccine

APOE4 Associated With Increased COVID-19 Infection Susceptibility, Severity