Associate Professor, Department of Neurology; Director, Botulinum Toxin Clinic; Director, Residency Program, Department of Neurology
Dopamine Agonist Delivery Systems for OFF Episodes
Expert neurologists review the delivery systems of various on-demand therapy formulations and comment on their advantages and disadvantages.
On-Demand Therapies to Manage OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Sanjay Iyer, MD, share considerations regarding the optimization of treatment selection and the addition of on-demand therapies to manage OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.
Impact of Levodopa Absorption on OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Drs Laxman Bahroo and Sanjay Iyer assess the potential variability in levodopa absorption in the gut and its impact on OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson disease.
Clinical Burden of OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Expert neurologists comment on the impairment of OFF episodes on quality of life for patients and their caregivers.
Recognizing Triggers for OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Key opinion leaders in movement disorders provide insight on factors leading to OFF episodes and how to recognize and mitigate environmental triggers.
Challenges of Identifying OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Drs Laxman Bahroo and Sanjay Iyer discuss common challenges in identifying OFF episodes in Parkinson disease, the importance of patient education, and utilizing symptom tracking diaries.
Overview of OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease
Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Sanjay Iyer, MD, define OFF episodes in Parkinson disease and review motor and nonmotor symptoms in patients.
Parkinson’s Disease: Advice for Community Neurologists
Expert neurologists provide insight on how to decide on an on-demand therapy for Parkinson’s disease and provide some general advice.
Sublingual Apomorphine for Parkinson’s Disease
Key opinion leaders explain the use of sublingual apomorphine and trimethobenzamide for Parkinson’s disease.
Side Effects of Apomorphine Usage in Parkinson’s Disease
A panel of experts debate the disadvantages and side effects of apomorphine therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injections for Parkinson’s Disease
A discussion on the use of apomorphine subcutaneous injections in managing Parkinson’s disease.
Levodopa Inhalation Powder for Parkinson’s Disease
Neurologists debate the use of levodopa inhalation powder in managing Parkinson’s disease.
When to Use On-Demand Therapies in Parkinson’s Disease
Physicians discuss when to add on-demand therapies to Parkinson’s disease management.
Important Attributes of On-Demand Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease
Key opinion leaders explain the important attributes to consider when choosing an on-demand therapy.
The Relationship Between the Gut and Parkinson’s Disease
Experts debate the challenges of carbidopa/levodopa, and the relation between levodopa and the gut.
Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
Panelists describe the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, linking symptoms to OFF episodes, and how to educate patients.
Parkinson’s Disease: Evaluating Patients for OFF Episodes
A discussion on how patients are evaluated for OFF episodes, by expert neurologists.
Expected and Unexpected OFF Episodes in Parkinson’s Disease
Physicians explain expected versus unexpected OFF episodes and the use of symptom diaries in managing Parkinson’s disease.
Impact of Parkinson’s Disease OFF Episodes on Quality of Life
Key opinion leaders provide insight on how OFF episodes affect patients’ quality of life.
Parkinson’s Disease: Why do OFF Episodes Occur?
Expert neurologists discuss why OFF episodes happen and how soon they occur after starting levodopa.
OFF Episodes in Parkinson’s Disease
Panelists have a conversation on the definition of OFF episodes in relation to Parkinson’s disease and how common OFF episodes are for patients.
Differentiating Tardive Dyskinesia From Similar Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
Tardive dyskinesia can present many challenges in its treatment and can be difficult to differentiate from similar disorders.
Take-Home Messages for Managing OFF Episodes in PD
Mindy K. Bixby, DO and Laxman Bahroo, DO give key advice to community neurologists and emphasize the importance of effective communication between patients and providers.
Patient QoL and Access to Care During COVID-19
Key opinion leaders in Parkinson’s Disease discuss the importance of improving quality of life and access to care when managing OFF episodes for patients during COVID-19.
Treatments in Development for OFF Episodes in PD
Leaders in neurology discuss the development of infusion formulations of apomorphine and levodopa/carbidopa as well as oral agents with novel mechanisms of extended-release delivery.
Surgical Options for Challenging OFF Episodes in PD
Laxman Bahroo, DO and Mindy K. Bixby, DO provide insight into factors to consider for patients with challenging off time including surgical and device-assisted therapeutic options.
Oral Agents for the Management of OFF Time in PD
Expert neurologists consider the advantages and disadvantages of oral agents for OFF time in Parkinson’s Disease such as opicapone, extended-release amantadine, and istradefylline.
Levodopa Inhalation Powder for Managing PD OFF Episodes
Experts in Parkinson’s Disease build a discussion on the use of levodopa inhalation powder for the management of OFF time and reflect on patients’ considerations when switching therapies.
Comparing Sublingual and Subcutaneous Apomorphine
Mindy K. Bixby, DO and Laxman Bahroo, DO compare subcutaneous and sublingual apomorphine hydrochloride and discuss important factors to consider when selecting a formulation.
Sublingual Apomorphine for Managing PD OFF Episodes
Experts in the management of Parkinson’s Disease OFF episodes provide insight into the sublingual formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride and discuss differences in its safety and efficacy profiles.