Daniel E. Kremens, MD, JD

Despite the availability of medications to relieve OFF episodes in Parkinson disease, widespread adoption of on-demand therapies has been less-than-ideal, marking the need to shift the treatment paradigm in PD.

Expert neurologists provide insight on how to decide on an on-demand therapy for Parkinson’s disease and provide some general advice.

Key opinion leaders explain the use of sublingual apomorphine and trimethobenzamide for Parkinson’s disease.

A panel of experts debate the disadvantages and side effects of apomorphine therapies for Parkinson’s disease.

A discussion on the use of apomorphine subcutaneous injections in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Neurologists debate the use of levodopa inhalation powder in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Physicians discuss when to add on-demand therapies to Parkinson’s disease management.

Key opinion leaders explain the important attributes to consider when choosing an on-demand therapy.

Experts debate the challenges of carbidopa/levodopa, and the relation between levodopa and the gut.

Panelists describe the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, linking symptoms to OFF episodes, and how to educate patients.

A discussion on how patients are evaluated for OFF episodes, by expert neurologists.

Physicians explain expected versus unexpected OFF episodes and the use of symptom diaries in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Key opinion leaders provide insight on how OFF episodes affect patients’ quality of life.

Expert neurologists discuss why OFF episodes happen and how soon they occur after starting levodopa.

Panelists have a conversation on the definition of OFF episodes in relation to Parkinson’s disease and how common OFF episodes are for patients.