Practical Considerations in the Management of OFF-Episodes in Parkinson Disease

Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Sanjay Iyer, MD, define OFF episodes in Parkinson disease and review motor and nonmotor symptoms in patients.

Drs Laxman Bahroo and Sanjay Iyer discuss common challenges in identifying OFF episodes in Parkinson disease, the importance of patient education, and utilizing symptom tracking diaries.

Key opinion leaders in movement disorders provide insight on factors leading to OFF episodes and how to recognize and mitigate environmental triggers.

Expert neurologists comment on the impairment of OFF episodes on quality of life for patients and their caregivers.

Drs Laxman Bahroo and Sanjay Iyer assess the potential variability in levodopa absorption in the gut and its impact on OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Sanjay Iyer, MD, share considerations regarding the optimization of treatment selection and the addition of on-demand therapies to manage OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.

Expert neurologists review the delivery systems of various on-demand therapy formulations and comment on their advantages and disadvantages.

Key opinion leaders in movement disorders evaluate the potential benefits and effect of an apomorphine infusion currently in development for the management of OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Sanjay Iyer, MD, discuss the efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous and sublingual apomorphine and comment on patient selection for each formulation

Drs Laxman Bahroo and Sanjay Iyer comment on misconceptions and apprehensions surrounding the use of injectable therapies and the importance of patient education in this setting.

Expert neurologists provide insight on unmet needs, challenges to improve access to care, and highlight clinical pearls for the management of OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.