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Forget what you think you know about red wine or chocolate ‘activating’ migraine. Many commonly accepted “triggers” aren’t triggers at all.
Discussions about migraine treatment often revolve around a single topic: triggers. Patients with migraine are always eager to learn about factors that activate migraine in order to avoid them. Tracking and avoiding triggers is often one of the few means of control migraine patients feel they have over an otherwise unpredictable disease. However, this is an oversimplification. In practice, trigger avoidance is usually ineffective, and sometimes even detrimental to patients. That’s because:
Research has confirmed several triggers of migraine attacks:
It’s important to emphasize that rarely does any single trigger invariably produce a migraine attack. Much depends upon the patient’s own migraine threshold, which fluctuates over time. For example, sudden changes in daily activity or environment increase migraine susceptibility,10 making triggers more potent than usual. This can be disorienting for patients, who may find that activities that were tolerable one day become triggering the next.
Further confusing for patients is the difficulty figuring out which of the events or symptoms that preceded a migraine attack was the trigger. This has led to a plethora of reported triggers, most of which have not been borne out by research. Rather, data supports the idea that many of these symptoms are actually premonitory, or prodromal symptoms,11 which occur 2 to 48 hours prior to the headache phase of a migraine attack.12 Seen in this light, such symptoms are not triggers that can be avoided; rather, they signal to the patient that an attack is already underway.
Common premonitory symptoms often confused for triggers include:
Chocolate is probably the best example of a food craving misunderstood as a trigger. Although patients rank chocolate number one of all food-based triggers, placebo-controlled studies have failed to show that chocolate triggers migraine.15 The same can be said of caffeine, an oft-cited food “trigger” that helps acute migraine.
Prodromal symptoms are individual to each patient. Identifying their prodromal symptoms can help a patient with migraine recognize that the headache phase is imminent, lessening the element of surprise and allowing them to take mitigation steps such as leaving work early, seeking out a dark room, notifying caregivers, or obtaining childcare for during the attack.
Asking patients to avoid triggers does not appear to be effective, based on studies comparing the practice to a control group that didn’t change their behaviors. Trigger avoidance was also found less effective than cognitive therapy or an approach of learning to cope with triggers.16 Avoiding stress, for example, has been found less effective for chronic pain than coping or adaptive strategies and may lead to anxiety, increased disability, and catastrophic thinking.17,18
Focusing extensively on migraine triggers during an office visit is not only an ineffective use of provider-patient time, but it may also have a host of negative consequences on the person with migraine’s quality of life:
With all this in mind, here are a few strategies when advising patients on triggers.
Ask them to keep a headache journal. Maintaining a regular diary or calendar eliminates recall bias and focuses on overall migraine control. It may also allow the discovery of unrecognized triggers amenable to treatment, such as caffeine withdrawal on weekends or menstrual migraine. In addition to tracking attacks, ask patients to write down strategies that worked, both preventively and abortively (medical and non-medical), to reduce their migraine symptoms.
Focus on healthy lifestyle choices that raise migraine threshold. Rather than trigger avoidance, focus on engaging in proactive behaviors that, done consistently, raise patients’ threshold for migraine triggers. Those include good sleep, regular nutrition patterns, regular exercise, and stress management techniques.
Recognize and treat “cephalgiaphobia.” Ask patients if they worry about migraine when they are headache-free or restrict activities due to fear of migraine. Fear of migraine between attacks is an important predictor of chronification and medication overuse.21,22 Finding effective acute medication may reduce the risk of chronification.23 Cognitive behavioral therapy can be particularly effective.24 Patients with very frequent migraine—for whom triggers appear to be everywhere—may benefit from effective preventive medication.
Expect that patients will be new to the idea of replacing trigger-avoidance strategies with proactive behaviors. They will need encouragement and guidance to follow through. Until recently, evidence-based, expert-reviewed programs to help patients with lifestyle change for migraine were rare. That is a guiding reason why we at the Jefferson Headache Center and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital have partnered with Ctrl M Health, whose app-delivered program makes this information widely accessible.
Providers have the ability to help patients redirect their efforts into the factors within their control that are shown to actually make a difference. I find patients also benefit from the empowerment this behavioral approach brings, making them more confident in their ability to manage migraine. Those gains, in turn, allow them to continue making progress in reducing migraine frequency and severity, improving their quality of life.
The Jefferson Headache Center and Thomas Jefferson University have partnered with Ctrl M Health to create comprehensive, evidence-based programming and support for people with migraine. For free provider resources, best practice tips, and patient handouts, visit their For Providers page.
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