PDE10A Inhibition in Tourette Syndrome

Sun, PhD,Jennifer;

PDE10A Inhibition in Tourette Syndrome

April 19, 2022

Jennifer S. Sun, PhD

Publication

Article

NeurologyLiveApril 2022

Volume 5

Issue 2

Despite progress in the understanding of Tourette syndrome and similar disorders, no clear cause of TS has been identified, nor are there treatment options that completely eliminate symptoms.

TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS) IS A common neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 0.3% to 1% of the global population and is characterized by multiple chronic tics (eg, involuntary movements and uncontrollable vocalizations).^1,2 TS begins in childhood or adolescence and exhibits a pronounced bias toward males.^1-3 Dysfunction of frontostriatal circuits is the common neurobiological basis for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including TS.⁴ Neuroimaging and neuropathology studies implicate the major connections of the ganglia in TS.⁵ Particularly, overactivation of habitual actions or failure of automatic inhibition appear to contribute to TS.⁵ TS propensity has also been associated with interactions between environmental factors (eg, mother smoked during pregnancy, pregnancy complications, low birth weight, and infections during childhood) and genetic perturbations.3 Probable risk genes have been identified (eg, CELSR3, WWC1, OPA1, NIPBL, FN1, and FBN2).² CELSR3 and WWC1 encode proteins involved in cell polarity, suggesting a role for cell polarity defects in the pathogenesis of TS.² TS is often accompanied by other psychiatric conditions such as depression,⁵ obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder²; in fact, there is significant overlap of de novo damaging sequence variants between patient populations with TS and OCD consistent with a subset of genetic risk loci being shared between these conditions.² Yet no clear cause of TS has been identified, nor are there treatment options that completely eliminate symptoms.^2,3

Jennifer S. Sun, PhD

Strategies to treat neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, pharmacotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy) are urgently needed because the symptoms and discomforts accompanying TS have a large impact on patients’ quality of life.⁶ TS is traditionally treated with antipsychotics or behavioral interventions, although both have limited efficacy and the former is associated with significant motor and metabolic adverse effects (AEs).^1,2,4,7 Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GPi) is another intervention option that has shown efficacy in controlling TS tics and comorbidities.⁵ A double-blind, randomized crossover trial included 14 patients (11 male; mean age, 35.57 years; SD, 15.68 years) with severe TS who were actively using psychiatric medications.⁵ The study also included 8 healthy volunteers (5 female; mean age, 33.13 years; SD, 6.79 years) who did not exhibit any neurological conditions, psychiatric or physical illnesses, or did not have a history of head injury or alcohol or drug abuse.⁵ Patients with TS were tested on the stop signal task prior to surgery and again upon completion of the trial (with the GPi-DBS activated), whereas healthy controls did not undergo surgery and were tested only once.⁵ Unfortunately, reaction time measures of inhibition were not significantly altered by GPi-DBS surgery, although these results may not be representative because of sample characteristics (ie, small sample size, age, comorbidities, and type of inhibitory task).⁵

TS can be triggered by abnormal metabolism of dopamine in the brain3; this neurotransmitter plays a central role in regulation of motor and cognitive functions.^6,8,9 The enzyme phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) partially regulates dopamine neurotransmission8; thus, PDE10A has received attention as an attractive target for antipsychotic drugs.^4,6,10 PDE10A has very limited distribution and is mainly expressed in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum and substantia nigra (FIGURE⁴).^7,9-11 Synergistic dopamine type D1 and D2 receptors are also expressed on striatal MSNs.⁴ PDE10A acts postsynaptically on dopamine signaling by controlling the availability of the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate,^4,8-11 which in turn dictates neuronal cell functions that, when dysregulated, can lead to cognitive, motor, or psychiatric disturbances.⁴

FIGURE. PDE10A Inhibition in Tourette Syndrome

FIGURE. PDE10A Inhibition⁴

Inactivation of PDE10A enhances the effect of dopamine D1 receptor activation in the striatonigral (direct) pathway and counteracts the inhibitory effect of D2 receptor signaling in the striatopallidal (indirect) pathway.^4,10 PDE10A inhibitors have been tested for safety and tolerability in patients with Huntington disease (NCT02197130) and schizophrenia (NCT01568203, NCT02019329, NCT02477020).^4,9 In 2021, Noema Pharma in-licensed the PDE10A inhibitor NOE-105 from Roche^12,13 for a clinical study of this drug candidate in reducing the involuntary tics of TS.¹⁴ NOE-105 was previously found to be safe in adults at repeated doses of up to 30 mg per day.^1,7 Importantly, NOE-105 is not associated with the motor and metabolic AEs typical of second-generation antipsychotics (eg, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes).^7,15 The NOE-105 12-week, multicenter, interventional, dose-ranging, open-label phase 2a Allevia trial (ACTRN1262100031987516) was initiated in 2021.^1,7 The Allevia trial recruited adult men (aged 18-50 years) who have received a diagnosis of TS and who require drug therapy yet experience lack of benefit from current therapies.¹⁶ Exclusion criteria include a current diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or major depressive disorder (MDD); secondary tic symptoms accompanied by comorbidities (ie, Huntington chorea, neuroacanthocytosis, mental retardation, or autism); history of severe traumatic brain injury or stroke; and presence of accompanying unstable medical conditions.^7,16 Doses begin at 5.0 mg per week but may be increased by 2.5 mg per week up to 15.0 mg based on clinical evaluation and tolerability.^7,16 The trial’s primary outcomes are being evaluated with the Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression of Change (TS-CGI-C), which is used to assess patients’ perceptions of symptom improvement.^7,16 At week 12 or upon discontinuation of the trial, patients are also assessed for changes in tic symptom severity with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale.^7,16 Secondary end points include analyses of blood samples, electrocardiograms and vital signs, and the presence of AEs.^7,13,16 Results from the Allevia trial are expected in the first half of 2022.^1,7

PDE10A is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders; thus, medicinal chemists have been focused on developing potent PDE10A inhibitors with minimal AEs.⁹ In preclinical computational biology approaches to drug design, a receptor-based pharmacophore model can refine the protein structure and active site of PDE10A and use molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to predict ligand binding affinity.⁹ Pharmacophore-based screening of existing databases was performed to identify potential PDE10A inhibitors with matching pharmacophoric features, then filtered to retain only compounds with drug-likeness properties and central nervous system (CNS) activity (relatively small, moderately lipophilic, small polar surface area, and blood/brain partition coefficient of 0-1.2 and the value of CNS in the range of 0-2).⁹ Zinc42657360 from the zinc database was 1 of 2 compounds with the highest affinity to PDE10A from the docking simulations. In the PDE-Glo phosphodiesterase assay, Zinc42657360 indeed exhibited significant inhibitory activity of 1.60 mM against PDE10A.⁹ Zinc42657360 could thus be further developed into potent analogues with improved affinity, for use as a PDE10A inhibitor.⁹

Currently, no PDE10A inhibitors have been approved as treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, possibly because of the lack of comprehensive research in this area, as well as the observed extrapyramidal AEs.^4,9 Animals housed under standard laboratory conditions are not representative test models for the evaluation of cognition-enhancing drugs because of the resulting impoverished brains, which results in false-positive results and lack of translatability to humans.⁶ There is thus a need for deeper understanding of the complex interactions and cross talk between the direct and indirect pathways, and their involvement in TS pathology.⁶ Moreover, better understanding of the subcellular localization of PDEs will aid in maximizing the specificity of therapeutics.^4,6 Notably, current PDE inhibitors exhibit off-target effects on inflammatory and apoptotic cascades and can increase blood flow and glucose metabolism.⁶ Structure-based drug design promises to improve PDE10A selectivity of drug candidates, which will benefit patients by minimizing adverse effects.⁶

For correspondence: jsun@nygenome.org
New York Genome Center, New York, NY