Jennifer S. Sun, PhD

Disease pathogenesis is attributed to oxidative stress—which can be regulated by NRF2, which, in turn, binds to antioxidant responsive elements in the promoter of the target gene FXN to control its expression.

One model of AD suggests that Aβ pathophysiology triggers downstream molecular pathways, including tauopathy, which lead to cortical neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline is further attributed to the associated neurocortical Aβ plaques.

Available neurodegenerative disease treatments are generally unsafe and ineffective at penetrating the blood-brain barrier, though the use of nanoparticles can provide improved penetration and exert a neuroprotective effect.

Identified implications of the endocannabinoid system in migraine physiology suggest that this pathway might hold therapeutic potential for some headache disorders.

Given the importance of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function in ALS, the disruption of intracellular mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts presents yet another avenue for neuronal degeneration—perhaps the primary point of underlying dysfunction.

Despite progress in the understanding of Tourette syndrome and similar disorders, no clear cause of TS has been identified, nor are there treatment options that completely eliminate symptoms.

With one-third of the 3.4 million US patients with epilepsy currently experience drug-resistant epilepsy, creating an urgent need for novel intervention strategies, such as stimulation approaches.

As Dravet syndrome is often nonresponsive to existing therapeutics, it can be a challenge to treat, and this refractory nature creates a great need for novel, innovative, and safe antiepileptic drugs for its treatment.

Continued improvement in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of S1PR modulators, particularly in modulator-receptor selectivity, should improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing the potential for AEs.

γ-Hydroxybutyrate, known as GHB or oxybate, is a physiological compound present in the human body as both a precursor and degradation product of GABA.

ALS has only recently been associated with causative or disease-modifying mutations in 20 genes that encode proteins with diverse functions, with promising therapeutic targets including proteins in pathways that regulate protein homeostasis.

NMOSD is associated with elevated levels of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6, making the cytokine an apt therapeutic target.

The PACAP pathway has shown promise as a potential novel therapeutic target in the treatment of migraine.

Patients with MS have an urgent need for therapies that can reverse neurologic disability by promoting remyelination, and RGMa inhibition may help meet that need.

Despite the continual epilepsy treatment landscape growth, there are only a few if any approved therapies for rare developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Managing narcolepsy via behavioral strategies to improve excessive daytime sleepiness may be challenging but has shown some added efficacy when combined with pharmacological treatment for EDS.

An in-depth look into the expanding landscape of multiple sclerosis treatments that target bruton tyrosine kinase.