Lara Jehi, MD

The efficacy of surgical treatment in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy is well established. In the majority of cases, there is clear involvement of the mesial structures, and therefore a standard temporal lobectomy, including the removal of the hippocampus, ends up being the surgery of choice. However, whenever the preoperative evaluation indicates that the hippocampus is normal on brain imaging, we are faced with a dilemma: to spare or not to spare the hippocampus. The resolution of this impasse is not straightforward. To provide the best treatment plan and surgical strategy, numerous clinical and nonclinical factors must be taken into account:

Since the resection of the hippocampus is associated with decline in episodic memory and language functions,

 the primary reason to spare the hippocampus is to attempt to prevent postoperative cognitive decline. This concern is most relevant when surgery is performed on the dominant hemisphere (usually left) since there is evidence that cognitive outcomes are better among patients whose hippocampus was spared.

The literature on rates of cognitive decline in cases in which the hippocampus is spared is sparse. A study on MRI-normal hippocampus cases showed that on the dominant side, those whose hippocampus was spared had lower rates of clinically meaningful postoperative declines in verbal memory (39.7% vs 70.4%; 

= .03) and confrontation naming (40.7% vs 79.2%; 

<.01) compared with those whose hippocampus was resected. However, when counseling patients, it is important to highlight that even when the dominant hippocampus was spared, the rates of decline of domain-specific memory and naming were rather substantial (39%-41%).

On the other hand, when surgeries sparing vs resecting the hippocampus were compared, the differences in memory decline on the nondominant side were not as evident.

 This finding could be explained by functional MRI evidence suggesting a more bilateral representation of visual memory

 and by the fact that visual memory deficits, traditionally associated with nondominant hemisphere epilepsies, could be compensated for by the use of verbal strategies.

The disrupting of the functional memory network in surgeries that spare the hippocampus could explain not only the observed memory decline but also the postoperative hippocampal volume loss as reported by some studies.

 The effects of this network disruption on long-term postoperative neuropsychological and seizure outcomes remain to be determined.

The disadvantage of sparing the hippocampus is the theoretical higher risk of postoperative seizure recurrence. The literature comparing seizure outcomes when one spares vs resects the hippocampus is controversial. Some studies found no difference between the 2 procedures,

 while other studies focusing on specific etiologies (eg, tumors or cavernomas) demonstrated higher rates of freedom from seizure whenever the hippocampus was resected.

 Data from a recent study suggest a more nuanced picture, with seizure outcomes being better 2 years after resection when the hippocampus was resected, but this advantage was not sustained, such that outcomes were similar at 5 years.

 In general, the seizure outcome is either better or similar when the hippocampus is resected as opposed to being left behind.

When discussing the risk of seizure recurrence, a possible argument in favor of a more tailored resection is that in cases of seizure recurrence, a second resection can always be performed. However, after a first “unsuccessful” procedure, not infrequently, patients may be lost to follow-up or do not want to undergo a second surgery for various reasons, such as the fear of another failure and/or other medical complications as well as financial and personal issues.

The strategic surgical decision is based not only on the risk of cognitive decline vs the odds of seizure freedom overall. Studies have shown that other variables are also important in defining surgical outcome, making it much more difficult to precisely delineate the risks and benefits of each procedure.

Some predictors of cognitive and seizure recurrence outcomes are described in the literature. One study comparing patients in whom the hippocampus was resected vs spared found that better baseline performance, higher age at surgery, left-sided surgery, lower preoperative IQ, and resection of the hippocampus predicted changes in verbal memory.

 Another study evaluating patients with normal-looking hippocampus on MRI found that longer epilepsy duration, normal MRI, history of invasive evaluation, and the presence of acute postoperative seizures were associated with a higher risk of seizure recurrence.

Other variables not listed here might also influence the overall outcome. These include, for example, electroencephalogram findings, seizure semiology, magnetoencephalographic data, and PET and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography results. However, studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further evaluate the association between other likely predictors and outcome, especially those related to the extent of the epileptogenic zone.

4. Patient’s Goals, Personality, and Expectations

Other factors that need to be taken into account when counseling patients are their social characteristics. The acceptable risk of cognitive decline and risk of seizure recurrence will depend on individual needs; these vary according to, for example, occupation, family dynamics, and future goals.

In clinical practice, when evaluating candidates for hippocampus-sparing surgery, all preoperative findings are taken into consideration to define the treatment that can be most highly recommended. However, based on the lack of consensus observed among clinicians whenever the management of those cases is discussed, the accuracy of this traditional assessment lacks precision.

Although the use of predictive models is not currently a part of standard clinical care, its utility is clearly promising, particularly in this scenario. At a minimum, predictive models have the potential to mitigate subjective interpretive biases.

We recently published a statistical model to predict seizure outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with a normal-looking MRI who are undergoing epilepsy surgery.

 The model simultaneously provides the risk of seizure freedom 1 year after surgery with either treatment option: sparing vs resecting the hippocampus.

Although the model does not take into account all the factors discussed above, it optimizes the decision by providing calculated risks, at least for some of the primary outcomes. A risk calculator may also provide a level of comfort to the patient: They would be in receipt of objective data, along with expert clinical information, when making the decision to undergo surgery. New, collaborative studies, with bigger sample sizes, are needed to further enhance the model’s performance. Nevertheless, this is clearly an important step toward optimizing the decision to spare or not to spare the hippocampus.

The model is available as a user-friendly online tool, which you can see by 

REFERENCES
1. Busch RM, Hogue O, Kattan MW, et al. Nomograms to predict naming decline after temporal lobe surgery in adults with epilepsy. 

. 2018;91(23):E2144-E2152. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006629
2. Helmstaedter C, Petzold I, Bien CG. The cognitive consequence of resecting nonlesional tissues in epilepsy surgery--results from MRI- and histopathology-negative patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. 

. 2011;52(8):1402-1408. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03157.x
3. Morita-Sherman M, Louis S, Vegh D, et al. Outcomes of resections that spare vs remove an MRI-normal hippocampus. 

. 2020;61(11):2545-2557. doi:10.1111/epi.16694
4. Wagner K, Uherek M, Horstmann S, et al. Memory outcome after hippocampus sparing resections in the temporal lobe. 

. 2013;84(6):630-636. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-304052
5. Postma TS, Cury C, Baxendale S, et al. Hippocampal shape is associated with memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy. 

. 2020;88(1):170-182. doi:10.1002/ana.25762
6. Sidhu MK, Stretton J, Winston GP, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study mapping the episodic memory encoding network in temporal lobe epilepsy. 

. 2013;136(Pt 6):1868-1888. doi:10.1093/brain/awt099
7. Wagner K, Gau K, Metternich B, et al. Effects of hippocampus-sparing resections in the temporal lobe: hippocampal atrophy is associated with a decline in memory performance. Epilepsia. 2020;61(4):725-734. doi:10.1111/epi.16473
8. Baxendale SA, Thompson PJ, Kitchen ND. Postoperative hippocampal remnant shrinkage and memory decline: a dynamic process. 

. 2000;55(2):243-249. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.2.243
9. Law N, Benifla M, Rutka J, Smith ML. Verbal memory after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in children: do only mesial structures matter? 

. 2017;58(2):291-299. doi:10.1111/epi.13635
10. Benifla M, Bennet-Back O, Shorer Z, Noyman I, Bar-Yosef R, Ekstein D. Temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy in children: what to do with the hippocampus? 

. 2017;52:81-88. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2017.09.020
11. Jehi LE, Palmini A, Aryal U, Coras R, Paglioli E. Cerebral cavernous malformations in the setting of focal epilepsies: pathological findings, clinical characteristics, and surgical treatment principles. 

. 2014;128(1):55-65. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1294-y
12. Englot DJ, Berger MS, Barbaro NM, Chang EF. Factors associated with seizure freedom in the surgical resection of glioneuronal tumors. 

. 2012;53(1):51-57. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03269.x

Articles

Surgical treatment for epilepsy has been proven its effectiveness, and preoperative evaluation has sparked a debate: to spare or not to spare the hippocampus?

Sparing the Hippocampus in Epilepsy Surgery: Critical Decisions for Outcome Optimization

"With any big problem the disconnect is at multiple levels. We cannot just point fingers."

The contrast between the growing evidence of the benefits of epilepsy surgery paired with the low number of patients actually opting for it has left clinicians and epilepsy neurosurgeons puzzled. The lack of epilepsy surgeries among these patients begs the question: Do patients fully understand the benefits?

A recent study led by Lara Jehi, MD, and colleagues found that epilepsy surgery is cost-effective for those with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Jehi, the chief research officer and an epilepsy specialist at Cleveland Clinic, questioned and challenged both the clinician and patient communities to become more informed, as well as to inform others who may not fully understand epilepsy surgery.

, Jehi details where the problems of miscommunication with regards to surgery may come from, and how there needs to be multilevel changes before it is considered a common treatment option.

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The chief research officer and epilepsy specialist at Cleveland Clinic detailed the reasons why epilepsy surgery is not utilized as often as it should, and her efforts to raise awareness.

Lara Jehi, MD: Raising Awareness of the Benefits of Epilepsy Surgery

“I hope information like this will [move] the needle. What we’ve always tried to do is come up with data and look at actual information, not sit there and come up with opinions and quantify.”

There can be many objectives of research, with hopes for making a small to large-scale impact. Some may confirm previous findings while other initiatives may be used to attempt to improve the standard of care. Epilepsy specialists like Lara Jehi, MD, have long been looking to propel data that help support the utility of epilepsy surgery, especially for patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE).

Jehi, who is chief research officer and epilepsy specialist at Cleveland Clinic, was the senior author on a recent study that showed that epilepsy surgery is cost-effective across the long-term for those with DR-TLE. She hopes that the data will not only be informative for physicians, but actually help persuade eligible patients to consider taking the next steps toward surgery, even if that starts with a just referral for evaluation.

, Jehi detailed the hope she has for how the data can impact both the patient's and clinician's perspective on epilepsy surgery.

The chief research officer and epilepsy specialist at Cleveland Clinic detailed how recent study findings might impact the patient perspective on epilepsy surgery.

Lara Jehi, MD: Evidence Abounds for the Benefits of Epilepsy Surgery

“There are a lot of fears out there. Some justified, but some due to just misperception and misinformation that may stop someone from getting to the point of looking at brain surgery.”

With any form of surgery, there are stigmas that come alongside. Epilepsy surgery, often underutilized and under recommended, is no different. Although, recently published data from a group of researchers revealed that both the procedure and referral are cost-effective for patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy compared to standard medical management.

The data has potential to raise eyebrows within the epilepsy community, and ultimately sway more patients to not only get the surgery, but to at least have their eligibility evaluated. Senior author of the study Lara Jehi, MD, feels as though patients don’t fully understand the benefits that come with epilepsy surgery and encourages those eligible to at least consider it knowing their medication will probably not improve their quality of life.

Jehi, who is an epilepsy specialist and the chief research officer at Cleveland Clinic, discussed whether the benefits outweigh the cons of epilepsy surgery. She also provided insight on the truth behind the stigmas related to epilepsy surgery and whether patient fears are legitimate.

The chief research officer and epilepsy specialist at Cleveland Clinic detailed the patient-centered pros and cons associated with epilepsy surgery, as well as the stigmas related to it.

Lara Jehi, MD

Articles

Sparing the Hippocampus in Epilepsy Surgery: Critical Decisions for Outcome Optimization

Lara Jehi, MD: Raising Awareness of the Benefits of Epilepsy Surgery

Lara Jehi, MD: Evidence Abounds for the Benefits of Epilepsy Surgery

Lara Jehi, MD: Pros and Cons of Epilepsy Surgery