Considerations for the Maintenance of ON Time in Parkinson Disease

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, reviews the use of levodopa for the management of Parkinson disease symptoms.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, define the difference between ON time and OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comment on the identification and presentation of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, discusses the appearance of OFF episodes throughout progression of Parkinson disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD; Laxman Bahroo, DO; and Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, examine the impact of OFF episodes on patients and their families’ quality of life and discuss goals of therapy for Parkinson Disease.

Drs Rajesh Pahwa, Robert A. Hauser, and Laxman Bahroo assess the awareness of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson Disease and comment on improving education and awareness among non-neurology clinicians and other health care providers.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD; Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA; and Laxman Bahroo, DO, provide insight on the challenges with motor and nonmotor symptoms of OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson Disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, leads a discussion on approaching conversations about ON and OFF episodes in Parkinson disease throughout a patient’s treatment journey.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comment on therapeutic obstacles in treating OFF episodes and how to optimize the management of patients with Parkinson disease.

Experts in movement disorders share the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration for the management of OFF episodes and shared-decision making for treating Parkinson disease.

Drs Robert A. Hauser, Rajesh Pahwa, and Laxman Bahroo discuss factors to consider when approaching treatment selection for managing OFF episodes in Parkinson Disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, provides insight on initiating treatment after the manifestation of OFF episodes and reviews current treatment options for Parkinson disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Laxman Bahroo, DO, review unmet needs in managing OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson Disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comments on the different routes of administration of on-demand therapies and medication absorption for the management of OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, examines the effectiveness of on-demand therapies to manage OFF episodes in Parkinson disease and highlights the importance of frequent monitoring and follow-up visits.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, highlight novel administration routes for the management of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

Experts in movement disorders explore the potential role of an apomorphine infusion device in the Parkinson Disease treatment landscape for patients suffering from OFF episodes.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA; Laxman Bahroo, DO; and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, review emerging therapies in development for the management of OFF episodes in Parkinson Disease.

Drs Laxman Bahroo, Rajesh Pahwa, and Robert A. Hauser share advice for neurologists treating OFF episodes in Parkinson Disease.